Polito's Menagerie: C.966-1928

Titles

Polito's Menagerie

Maker(s)

Maker: Unidentified Pottery

Entities

• Figure group
• Staffordshire figure group (early)
• Table base group
• Flat-backed figure group

Categories

• Lead-glazed earthenware

Description

Earthenware figure group, moulded and modelled, lead glazed and painted with polychrome enamels.

Stafforshire table-base group representing Polito’s Menagerie. The table base has four feet and two central props; it is painted brown, with relief polychrome garlands all around. A yellow booth stands on it; there are lamps and gathered curtains along the front of the roof and the top of a grey flight of steps centre front. To the left are a monkey seated on a barrel organ: a trumpeter, who also winds the organ: and a woman in a feathered hat. To the right are two trumpeters in long and a drummer. Above the booth is a tall façade with an elephant with a castle on its back, framed by a tiger, two monkeys in trees, and a lion, all moulded in relief. The façade is edged by a ribbon with the impressed inscription: ‘POLITOS / MENAGERIE OF THE MOST WONDERFUL BURDS AND BEASTS FROM MOST PART OF THE WORLD, LION etc.’. The back is flat, with four vent holes just above the table-base and a concave curve to the top of the facade, all painted yellow; there are painted, relief trees on the sides. The underside is glazed but unpainted. Two figures, animals/birds on top of the facade, steps at the front and a central lamp have been broken off.

Notes

History note: Bought from Mr E. W. Giles of Fulham on 20 September 1911, for £9.10s (nine pounds ten shillings) by Dr. J.W.L. Glaisher, FRS, Trinity College, Cambridge

Legal notes

Dr J.W.L. Glaisher Bequest

Acquisition and important dates

Method of acquisition: Bequeathed (1928-12-07) by Glaisher, J. W. L., Dr

Dating

19th Century, second quarter#
Circa 1825 CE - Circa 1830 CE

Note

Earthenware figure groups were popular from around 1810, although the earliest examples date from nearly a century earlier. A cheaper alternative to porcelain figures, they were often produced by small potteries; very few are marked. Classical or literary subjects were frequently copied from porcelain examples, but potters increasingly turned to scenes from everyday life and topical events. Early groups are often complex, with modelled and moulded parts, applied decoration and partially decorated backs. As demand increased, processes were streamlined for mass production and by c.1835 three-part press-moulding had largely replaced earlier methods. Table-base groups, on four or six short legs, were made from c.1825-35; probably by just a few makers. They have in the past been attributed to Obadaiah Sherratt of Burslem, but without clear evidence. The large number of modelled figures here suggests a late 1920s date.

Pottery models of Wombwell’s and Polito’s Menageries were equally popular, and there are a number of surviving examples. Versions on different table or other bases suggest they were made by several potters and sometimes the figures seem to have been made by different potters and/or moulds shared between potteries, perhaps to save costs. Figures of individual menagerie animals were also common.

Travelling menageries were popular in England from the late 18th Century. Exotic animals, such as lions and elephants had previously only been seen in aristocratic collections; now menageries took them out to the general public. From c.1830s, with the addition of animal tamers’ tricks, brass bands and human performers, the shows evolved into what we now know as circus. Stephani Polito bought the Exeter Change Menagerie, already established in London c.1810. He died in 1814, but Polito’s Menagerie continued until c.1836. George Wombwell started his first menagerie c.1807 and by 1839 Wombwell’s Menagerie included 15 wagons of animals; by 1850 there were three shows touring; the business continued until 1884.